# 2D Polar Co-Ordinates

## Angles

### Degrees

The circumference of a circle is equal to:

$\displaystyle C=2\pi r$

Where the constant, in decimal format is equal to:

$\displaystyle \pi =\text{ 3}\text{.1416...}$

To specify the length of an arc (fraction of a circle in degrees) we would use:

$\displaystyle L=2\pi r*\left( {\frac{\theta }{{360}}} \right)$

The degree is an arbitrary unit and divides the circle into 360 equally spaced angles or the right angle into 90 equally spaced angles.

The gradian on the other hand was an attempt to make a "metric degree". It is another arbitrary unit that divides the circle into 400 equally spaced angles and right angle into 100 equally spaced units. The length of an arc would become in gradians:

$\displaystyle L=2\pi r*\left( {\frac{\theta }{{400}}} \right)$

This unit was never widely adopted.

The above is quite messy in decimal format so another unit of measurement is commonly used to simplify the above, the radian.

$\displaystyle L=2\pi r*\left( {\frac{\theta }{{2\pi }}} \right)$

For the radian, there are 2π radians in a circle and 2π/4 or π/2 radians in a right angle. The above hence simplifies to:

$\displaystyle L=r\theta$

This means the length of the arc is equal to the product of the radius and the angle.

### Conversions

To convert from radians to degrees use:

HTML

To convert from degrees to radians use:

HTML

All angles from now on will be in radians unless specified.

## Co-ordinate Systems

### Cartesian Co-ordinates (x,y)

Normally we specify a point in a line in Cartesian co-ordinates. For Cartesian Co-ordinates, we first specify a length in x corresponding to the distance from the x-axis.

### Polar-Co-ordinates (r, θ)

You'll notice the x,y co-ordinate we specified above is a Pythagorean triple. We can plot this out on square axes and have a look at its properties.

We can measure the length of r and the angle θ using a ruler and a protractor. Or alternatively we can calculate them. We know that:

$\displaystyle {{r}^{2}}={{x}^{2}}+{{y}^{2}}={{3}^{2}}+{{4}^{2}}=9+16=25$

$\displaystyle r=\sqrt{{25}}=5$

We also know:

$\displaystyle \tan (\theta )=\frac{O}{A}=\frac{y}{x}=\frac{4}{3}$

$\displaystyle \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}\left( {\frac{4}{3}} \right)$

HTML

theta=53.13 °

HTML

theta=0.9273

With the r and θ information we have all the information we need to construct the co-ordinate.

### Conversions

To convert from Cartesian to Polar use:

HTML

To convert from Polar to Cartesian use:

HTML

## Plotting

Let us compute a number of values on a circle of radius 1, convert these into Cartesian and then plot:

HTML

This gives:

We can modify the code so the radius varies for each point:

HTML

This gives:

## Plot

Let's plot the equation:

$\displaystyle r=\sin \left( {2\theta } \right)$

HTML

This gives us:

In this case the x-axis is θ shown in radians and the y-axis is r.

## Polar Plot

Recall that a circle is cyclical and 2π returns one back to the starting point. We can take advantage of this and use a polar plot. A polar plot in essence turns the above plot into the form of a dart board. Every point is drawn in accordance to its radius at an angle θ.

In MATLAB we can plot using θ and r. The functions:

HTML

Have the same form as:

HTML

Except we use plot using polar co-ordinates θ and r opposed to Cartesian co-ordinates x and y. Let's re-create the plot above as a polar plot:

HTML

Note for some reason by default MATLAB requires the input for a polar plot to be specified in radians and by default displays the output in degrees. This can cause some confusion when first using this plot. I have therefore added a line to get the current axis and to change the axis to Radians.

Here one can clearly see the cyclic nature of the circle and how the function repeats itself as one goes round the circle again.

## θ,r vs x,y

When looking at Polar Plots for the first time. One may get the following confused:

$\displaystyle r=\sin \left( {2\theta } \right)$

With:

$\displaystyle y=\sin \left( {2x} \right)$

Note the sine function relates r to θ and not y to x. We can see what $\displaystyle r=\sin \left( {2\theta } \right)$ looks like as x and y by converting the points to x and y using pol2cart:

HTML

This plot shows:

This can also be made into a Polar Plot:

HTML

Conversely we can convert $\displaystyle y=\sin \left( {2x} \right)$ to r, θ using cart2pol and plot this:

HTML

As a Polar Plot:

HTML

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.